Satisfactory hydration is crucial for strong corn development. A typical corn plant requires roughly one inch of water per week, together with rainfall. This quantity can differ relying on elements resembling temperature, soil sort, and development stage. For instance, during times of excessive warmth and speedy growth like pollination, corn might have extra frequent watering.
Adequate water availability instantly impacts corn yield and total plant well being. Water stress throughout crucial development phases can considerably scale back kernel growth and closing harvest. Traditionally, farmers have developed varied irrigation strategies to make sure optimum water supply to their corn crops, reflecting the long-standing understanding of water’s essential position in profitable corn cultivation. These strategies vary from conventional flood irrigation to extra fashionable, exact drip irrigation programs.
Understanding the particular water wants of corn includes consideration of assorted interacting parts. The next sections will delve into the intricacies of watering corn, together with the affect of environmental circumstances, soil traits, and completely different development phases.
1. Development Stage
Water necessities for corn differ considerably all through its lifecycle. Early vegetative phases, from emergence by way of V6 (six seen leaf collars), symbolize a interval of comparatively low water demand. Constant moisture is critical for institution, however overwatering could be detrimental. Because the plant transitions to speedy vegetative development (V7 to VT, tasseling), water demand will increase considerably. This stage is crucial for establishing yield potential, because the plant develops the constructions required for ear and kernel formation. Moisture stress throughout this era can severely restrict yield. Peak water demand happens throughout reproductive phases, notably from R1 (silking) to R3 (milk stage). Satisfactory water provide throughout pollination and early grain fill is essential for kernel growth and in the end determines harvest yields. Water demand decreases through the later phases of grain fill (R4, dough stage to R6, physiological maturity) because the plant approaches senescence.
For instance, a younger corn seedling could solely require 0.25 inches of water per week, whereas a mature plant throughout pollination might have upwards of 1.5 inches per week. Ignoring these stage-specific wants can result in important yield losses. Underwatering throughout vegetative development stunts plant growth, lowering the variety of potential kernels. Water stress throughout pollination and grain fill ends in incomplete kernel set and diminished kernel weight, impacting total yield and grain high quality. Conversely, extreme watering, notably throughout early phases, can result in poor root growth and enhance susceptibility to illness.
Understanding the connection between development stage and water necessities is crucial for efficient irrigation administration. Tailoring irrigation methods to match the particular wants of every development stage optimizes water use effectivity, maximizes yield potential, and promotes total plant well being. Precisely assessing development stage and monitoring environmental circumstances, coupled with acceptable irrigation scheduling, are key elements of profitable corn manufacturing.
2. Environmental elements
Environmental elements considerably affect corn’s water necessities. Temperature, humidity, photo voltaic radiation, and wind velocity all play a vital position in figuring out evapotranspiration ratesthe mixed means of water loss from the soil floor and plant transpiration. Excessive temperatures, low humidity, elevated photo voltaic radiation, and robust winds speed up evapotranspiration, rising the quantity of water corn vegetation require. Conversely, cooler temperatures, excessive humidity, diminished photo voltaic radiation, and calm winds lower evapotranspiration, lowering water wants. As an illustration, a cornfield experiencing a heatwave with excessive temperatures and robust winds will necessitate considerably extra irrigation than a discipline experiencing delicate temperatures and calm circumstances. Ignoring these environmental influences can result in both underwatering, inflicting stress and diminished yields, or overwatering, resulting in nutrient leaching and illness susceptibility.
Rainfall additionally contributes considerably to assembly corn’s water wants. Efficient irrigation methods account for rainfall quantities and timing. Frequent, mild rainfall occasions could present adequate moisture, lowering or eliminating the necessity for supplemental irrigation. Nonetheless, rare, heavy rainfall occasions can result in runoff and restricted water infiltration, necessitating irrigation even after substantial precipitation. Soil sort influences water infiltration and retention, additional interacting with rainfall results. Sandy soils drain shortly, requiring extra frequent irrigation, whereas clay soils retain water longer, permitting for much less frequent irrigation. Subsequently, understanding the interaction between rainfall, soil sort, and different environmental elements is crucial for figuring out exact irrigation wants.
Efficiently managing corn irrigation requires steady monitoring of environmental circumstances and adjusting irrigation methods accordingly. Using climate forecasts and soil moisture sensors can present useful information for knowledgeable decision-making. Such information permits for exact irrigation scheduling and utility, optimizing water use effectivity whereas guaranteeing that corn vegetation obtain sufficient hydration for optimum development and yield, no matter fluctuating environmental circumstances. Failing to account for these elements may end up in suboptimal water administration, impacting plant well being and in the end, harvest outcomes.
3. Soil Sort
Soil sort considerably influences water availability for corn vegetation, affecting irrigation frequency and quantity. Soil texture, construction, and natural matter content material dictate water infiltration, retention, and drainage, all essential elements figuring out how a lot water a corn plant can entry and the way usually irrigation is critical.
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Soil Texture
Soil texture refers back to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles. Sandy soils have giant pore areas, permitting for speedy water infiltration and drainage however restricted water retention. Conversely, clay soils have small pore areas, leading to gradual infiltration and drainage however excessive water retention. Silt soils fall between sand and clay by way of water holding capability and drainage. Corn grown in sandy soils requires extra frequent irrigation with smaller volumes, whereas corn grown in clay soils wants much less frequent irrigation with bigger volumes.
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Soil Construction
Soil construction describes the association of soil particles into aggregates. Good soil construction, characterised by well-defined aggregates and pore areas, facilitates each water infiltration and drainage, selling wholesome root growth. Poor soil construction, resembling compacted soils, hinders water motion and root penetration, proscribing entry to water and vitamins. Compacted soils require practices like deep tillage or cowl cropping to enhance construction and optimize water availability for corn.
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Natural Matter Content material
Natural matter enhances soil construction, will increase water holding capability, and improves nutrient availability. Soils wealthy in natural matter retain extra water, lowering irrigation frequency. Moreover, natural matter promotes helpful microbial exercise, additional enhancing soil well being and water administration. Practices like including compost or utilizing cowl crops enhance natural matter content material, enhancing water availability for corn and lowering reliance on irrigation.
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Soil Drainage
Efficient soil drainage is crucial for stopping waterlogging, which may suffocate corn roots and result in illness. Soils with poor drainage require cautious irrigation administration to forestall extra water accumulation. Implementing drainage programs, resembling tile drains, can enhance drainage and mitigate the dangers related to waterlogged circumstances. Conversely, soils with extreme drainage could require extra frequent irrigation to keep up sufficient moisture ranges for corn development.
Matching irrigation practices to particular soil varieties is essential for environment friendly water use and optimum corn manufacturing. Common soil testing and evaluation of soil traits, together with texture, construction, natural matter content material, and drainage, inform efficient irrigation methods. By understanding these soil properties, irrigation could be tailor-made to supply sufficient moisture whereas avoiding water stress or waterlogging, maximizing yield potential and selling wholesome corn development.
4. Water Availability
Water availability performs a crucial position in figuring out how a lot water a corn plant receives and, consequently, its development and yield. Constant entry to adequate water is crucial all through the corn plant’s lifecycle, although the particular quantity varies relying on development stage and environmental circumstances. Understanding the assorted sides of water availability permits for knowledgeable irrigation administration selections and optimizes water use effectivity.
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Supply of Water
The first sources of water for corn are rainfall and irrigation. Rainfall quantities and distribution patterns considerably affect irrigation wants. Areas with constant and well-distributed rainfall could require minimal or no irrigation, whereas areas with erratic or restricted rainfall necessitate supplemental irrigation for profitable corn manufacturing. Irrigation sources differ, together with floor water from rivers and reservoirs, groundwater from wells, and reclaimed water. The reliability and high quality of the water supply have to be thought of when planning irrigation methods.
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Irrigation Strategies
Completely different irrigation strategies supply various ranges of effectivity and management over water utility. Flood irrigation, whereas easy, can result in water waste and uneven distribution. Sprinkler irrigation supplies extra uniform protection however could be prone to evaporation losses, notably in windy circumstances. Drip irrigation delivers water on to the foundation zone, minimizing water waste and maximizing effectivity. The selection of irrigation technique is determined by elements resembling discipline measurement, topography, water availability, and price.
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Soil Water Holding Capability
Soil properties considerably affect how a lot water is accessible to the corn plant. Soil texture, construction, and natural matter content material have an effect on water infiltration, retention, and drainage. Sandy soils drain shortly, requiring extra frequent irrigation, whereas clay soils retain water longer, permitting for much less frequent irrigation. Enhancing soil well being by way of practices like cowl cropping and no-till farming enhances water holding capability and reduces irrigation wants.
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Water Stress
Inadequate water availability can result in water stress, negatively impacting corn development and yield. Water stress throughout crucial development phases, resembling pollination and grain fill, can drastically scale back kernel growth and total harvest. Monitoring for indicators of water stress, resembling leaf rolling and wilting, is essential for well timed irrigation interventions. Using drought-tolerant corn varieties can even mitigate the consequences of water stress in areas susceptible to restricted water availability.
Successfully managing water availability requires a holistic strategy, integrating data of water sources, irrigation strategies, soil properties, and plant physiology. Cautious consideration of those elements, coupled with common monitoring of climate patterns and soil moisture ranges, permits knowledgeable irrigation scheduling and optimizes water use effectivity, guaranteeing that corn vegetation obtain sufficient hydration for optimum development and yield, no matter environmental circumstances.
5. Irrigation Methodology
Irrigation technique choice considerably impacts the quantity of water corn vegetation obtain and the general effectivity of water use. Completely different irrigation strategies ship water with various precision and uniformity, influencing each the amount of water reaching the foundation zone and the potential for water loss by way of evaporation or runoff. Selecting an acceptable irrigation technique is essential for guaranteeing that corn vegetation obtain sufficient hydration whereas minimizing water waste and maximizing yield potential.
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Floor Irrigation
Floor irrigation strategies, resembling furrow and flood irrigation, contain delivering water on to the soil floor, permitting it to infiltrate and attain the foundation zone. These strategies are usually cheaper to implement however could be much less environment friendly attributable to increased charges of evaporation and runoff, notably on sloped terrain or in sandy soils. The imprecision of floor irrigation makes it difficult to ship the exact quantity of water required by the corn vegetation, doubtlessly resulting in overwatering or underwatering in several areas of the sphere. Furrow irrigation includes channeling water between rows of corn, whereas flood irrigation includes inundating the whole discipline. Whereas these strategies have been historically used, their decrease effectivity and potential for uneven water distribution necessitate cautious administration to reduce water waste and guarantee sufficient irrigation for all vegetation.
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Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation includes distributing water by way of overhead sprinklers, simulating rainfall. Middle pivot and lateral transfer programs are frequent sprinkler irrigation strategies utilized in corn manufacturing. Whereas sprinkler irrigation gives higher uniformity in comparison with floor irrigation, it stays prone to evaporation losses, notably in windy or scorching circumstances. The applying fee and droplet measurement affect the quantity of water reaching the corn vegetation and the potential for wind drift. Cautious system design and administration, together with acceptable sprinkler spacing and stress regulation, are important for maximizing water use effectivity and delivering the correct quantity of water to the crop.
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Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, often known as micro-irrigation, delivers water on to the foundation zone of corn vegetation by way of a community of tubes and emitters. This technique minimizes water loss by way of evaporation and runoff, maximizing water use effectivity. Drip irrigation permits for exact management over the quantity and timing of water utility, tailoring irrigation to the particular wants of the corn vegetation at completely different development phases. Whereas drip irrigation programs have increased preliminary set up prices, the improved water use effectivity and potential for elevated yields usually offset these prices over time. Exact water supply minimizes water stress and promotes optimum development, maximizing water productiveness.
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Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI)
SDI includes putting drip strains under the soil floor, delivering water on to the foundation zone whereas minimizing evaporation and weed development. This technique gives the very best stage of water use effectivity amongst irrigation strategies. The exact water supply minimizes water stress, optimizes nutrient uptake, and reduces illness incidence. Whereas SDI has increased upfront prices in comparison with different strategies, the long-term advantages of improved water administration, diminished fertilizer use, and elevated yields usually justify the funding. The diminished floor wetting attribute of SDI additionally contributes to minimizing soil compaction and selling wholesome root growth.
Deciding on the suitable irrigation technique requires cautious consideration of things resembling water availability, soil sort, topography, price, and administration experience. Matching the irrigation technique to the particular circumstances of the sphere and the water necessities of the corn crop ensures environment friendly water use, maximizes yield potential, and promotes sustainable agricultural practices. Evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of every technique in relation to the particular context is essential for reaching optimum irrigation administration and guaranteeing the long-term well being and productiveness of corn crops.
6. Water Stress Signs
Recognizing water stress signs in corn is essential for well timed intervention and stopping yield loss. These signs are instantly associated to the plant’s lack of ability to entry adequate water to satisfy its physiological wants. Early detection permits for immediate changes to irrigation practices, guaranteeing the plant receives the mandatory hydration for optimum development and growth. Ignoring these indicators can result in irreversible injury, considerably impacting kernel growth and closing harvest.
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Leaf Rolling
One of many earliest indicators of water stress in corn is leaf rolling, the place the leaves curl inwards alongside their size. This reduces the floor space uncovered to daylight, minimizing transpiration and conserving water. Leaf rolling sometimes happens through the hottest a part of the day and should initially get better in a single day. Nonetheless, persistent leaf rolling signifies extended water stress and necessitates quick irrigation.
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Leaf Colour Change
As water stress intensifies, corn leaves could exhibit shade modifications. Initially, the leaves could seem grayish-green, progressing to a uninteresting blue-green hue. Extreme water stress may cause leaf suggestions and margins to show brown and dry, indicating tissue injury. These shade modifications mirror the plant’s declining photosynthetic exercise and total well being.
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Wilting
Wilting, characterised by drooping leaves and stalks, is a extra superior symptom of water stress. Initially, wilting could happen solely through the hottest a part of the day, however as stress will increase, the vegetation could stay wilted even throughout cooler intervals. Extreme wilting can result in everlasting leaf injury and considerably scale back the plant’s potential to get better even after irrigation.
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Stunted Development
Extended water stress inhibits corn development, leading to shorter vegetation with fewer leaves and smaller ears. Water deficit throughout crucial development phases, resembling vegetative growth and grain fill, has essentially the most important influence on total plant measurement and yield potential. Early detection and intervention are essential to reduce the unfavourable results of water stress on plant growth and closing harvest.
Monitoring corn vegetation for these water stress signs is an important facet of efficient irrigation administration. Recognizing these indicators permits for well timed changes to irrigation methods, guaranteeing that corn vegetation obtain sufficient water to thrive. Recurrently assessing plant well being, notably during times of excessive temperatures or restricted rainfall, permits for proactive intervention, minimizing the unfavourable impacts of water stress on yield and total plant well being. Understanding the visible cues of water stress empowers growers to make knowledgeable selections about when and the way a lot to irrigate, optimizing water use effectivity and maximizing crop productiveness.
7. Measurement Methods
Precisely figuring out how a lot water a corn plant wants depends on efficient measurement strategies. These strategies present quantifiable information that informs irrigation selections, guaranteeing optimum water utility for maximizing yield whereas avoiding overwatering or underwatering. Exact measurements enable growers to tailor irrigation methods to particular discipline circumstances, development phases, and environmental elements, selling environment friendly water use and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Really feel and Look Methodology
This technique includes assessing soil moisture by its really feel and look. A handful of soil squeezed gently can point out moisture content material. Moist soil will maintain its form, whereas dry soil will crumble simply. Observing soil shade can even present clues; darker soil usually signifies increased moisture content material. Whereas this technique supplies a fast, available evaluation, it lacks precision and depends closely on expertise and subjective judgment.
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Tensiometers
Tensiometers measure soil water stress, reflecting how tightly water is held by the soil particles. This stress correlates with the hassle required by the plant to extract water from the soil. Increased stress readings point out drier soil and higher issue for vegetation to entry water. Tensiometers present useful insights into soil moisture dynamics and plant-available water, enabling extra knowledgeable irrigation selections.
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Soil Moisture Sensors
Soil moisture sensors, resembling electrical resistance blocks and capacitance probes, instantly measure the volumetric water content material within the soil. These sensors present steady monitoring of soil moisture ranges, enabling real-time information assortment and automatic irrigation management. Knowledge from soil moisture sensors permits growers to trace soil moisture traits and modify irrigation schedules primarily based on precise plant wants and prevailing environmental circumstances.
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Evapotranspiration Calculations
Evapotranspiration (ET) represents the mixed water loss from the soil floor and plant transpiration. Calculating ET utilizing climate information and crop coefficients supplies an estimate of the overall water demand of the corn crop. This info, mixed with information on rainfall and soil moisture, informs irrigation scheduling and ensures that the utilized water replenishes the water misplaced by way of ET, sustaining optimum moisture ranges for corn development.
Using a mix of those measurement strategies supplies a complete understanding of water availability and corn plant wants. Integrating information from varied sources permits for extra exact and environment friendly irrigation administration, optimizing water use, minimizing water stress, and maximizing yield potential. The selection of particular measurement strategies is determined by elements resembling price, accuracy necessities, and the extent of automation desired. By rigorously assessing and integrating these measurements, growers could make knowledgeable selections about when and the way a lot to irrigate, guaranteeing sustainable and productive corn cultivation.
Regularly Requested Questions
Addressing frequent inquiries relating to corn water necessities supplies readability for optimizing irrigation practices and guaranteeing profitable cultivation.
Query 1: How does climate influence irrigation wants?
Excessive temperatures, low humidity, robust winds, and intense daylight enhance water demand attributable to accelerated evapotranspiration. Conversely, cooler, extra humid, and calmer circumstances scale back water wants. Monitoring climate forecasts and adjusting irrigation accordingly is essential.
Query 2: What are the implications of underwatering corn?
Underwatering, notably throughout crucial development phases, can severely restrict yield potential. Stunted development, diminished kernel growth, and total plant stress are frequent penalties, impacting each the amount and high quality of the harvest.
Query 3: Can overwatering hurt corn?
Extreme watering could be detrimental, notably throughout early development phases. Overwatering can result in poor root growth, nutrient leaching, elevated illness susceptibility, and diminished oxygen availability within the soil, all negatively impacting plant well being and yield.
Query 4: How do completely different soil varieties have an effect on watering frequency?
Soil sort considerably influences water retention and drainage. Sandy soils drain shortly, necessitating extra frequent irrigation with smaller volumes. Clay soils retain water longer, permitting for much less frequent irrigation with bigger volumes. Understanding soil properties is crucial for tailoring irrigation methods.
Query 5: What are essentially the most environment friendly irrigation strategies for corn?
Drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) supply the very best water use effectivity, delivering water on to the foundation zone and minimizing evaporation and runoff. Whereas these strategies could have increased preliminary prices, their long-term advantages usually outweigh the funding.
Query 6: How can know-how help with irrigation administration?
Soil moisture sensors and climate stations present real-time information, enabling knowledgeable irrigation selections. These applied sciences enable growers to observe soil moisture ranges and climate circumstances, optimizing irrigation scheduling and maximizing water use effectivity.
Cautious consideration of those elements contributes to knowledgeable decision-making, selling wholesome corn development and optimizing yield potential.
The following sections will supply additional insights into finest practices for corn irrigation administration.
Ideas for Efficient Corn Irrigation
Implementing acceptable irrigation methods is essential for maximizing corn yield and guaranteeing environment friendly water use. The following tips supply sensible steerage for optimizing irrigation practices and selling wholesome corn development.
Tip 1: Monitor soil moisture recurrently.
Constant monitoring of soil moisture ranges supplies insights into water availability for corn vegetation. Using measurement strategies resembling soil moisture sensors or the texture and look technique permits for knowledgeable irrigation selections, stopping each underwatering and overwatering.
Tip 2: Irrigate based on development stage.
Water necessities differ all through the corn plant’s lifecycle. Seedlings require much less water than mature vegetation throughout pollination. Tailoring irrigation to the particular wants of every development stage ensures optimum water use and maximizes yield potential.
Tip 3: Take into account environmental circumstances.
Temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and photo voltaic radiation affect evapotranspiration charges, affecting corn’s water wants. Alter irrigation schedules primarily based on prevailing climate circumstances to make sure sufficient hydration, notably during times of excessive warmth and low humidity.
Tip 4: Adapt irrigation to soil sort.
Soil texture, construction, and natural matter content material have an effect on water infiltration, retention, and drainage. Sandy soils require extra frequent irrigation with smaller volumes, whereas clay soils want much less frequent irrigation with bigger volumes. Adapting irrigation practices to particular soil varieties optimizes water use effectivity.
Tip 5: Select an environment friendly irrigation technique.
Drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) supply the very best water use effectivity, minimizing water loss by way of evaporation and runoff. Whereas these strategies have increased preliminary prices, they supply exact water supply and maximize water productiveness.
Tip 6: Observe for indicators of water stress.
Leaf rolling, shade modifications, wilting, and stunted development point out water stress. Recurrently monitoring corn vegetation for these signs permits for well timed irrigation interventions, stopping irreversible injury and minimizing yield loss.
Tip 7: Make the most of climate forecasts and information.
Integrating climate forecasts and historic information into irrigation planning permits for proactive changes to irrigation schedules. Anticipating intervals of excessive water demand or restricted rainfall permits growers to optimize irrigation methods and guarantee sufficient water availability for corn vegetation.
Tip 8: Keep and optimize irrigation programs.
Common upkeep and optimization of irrigation programs guarantee environment friendly water supply and decrease water waste. Checking for leaks, calibrating sprinklers, and sustaining correct system stress maximize irrigation effectivity and scale back working prices.
Implementing the following pointers promotes environment friendly water use, minimizes water stress, and maximizes corn yield potential. By rigorously contemplating these elements, growers can guarantee sustainable and productive corn cultivation.
The next conclusion synthesizes the important thing takeaways for profitable corn irrigation administration.
Conclusion
Understanding corn’s water necessities is key to profitable cultivation. Water availability considerably influences plant development, growth, and in the end, yield. Components resembling development stage, environmental circumstances, soil sort, and irrigation technique work together to find out the exact water wants of a corn crop. Cautious monitoring of soil moisture, remark of plant stress signs, and adaptation of irrigation methods to particular discipline circumstances are important elements of efficient water administration. Using acceptable measurement strategies and using environment friendly irrigation applied sciences additional improve water use effectivity and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Reaching optimum corn manufacturing necessitates a complete strategy to water administration. Integrating data of plant physiology, soil science, and climate patterns empowers knowledgeable decision-making relating to irrigation practices. Steady developments in irrigation applied sciences and data-driven approaches supply additional alternatives to optimize water use and make sure the long-term sustainability of corn manufacturing within the face of evolving environmental challenges.
